Pharaphrasing the Purple Hibiscus Essay Example for Free

Pharaphrasing the Purple Hibiscus Essay Kambili and Jaja both grow up in Purple Hibiscus because of their encounters. The book opens with Jaja defying his passionate Catholic dad by skipping fellowship on Palm Sunday, a significant strict occasion. The accompanying parts detail the occasions that come full circle in Jaja’s disobedience. The book is described by Kambili three years after this occurrence. Since she has been hindered by the extreme disciplines of her dad, Kambili scarcely talks. Her portrayal is striking since it tends to be inferred that she discovers her own voice all through this difficulty. Both Kambili and Jaja make strides towards adulthood by conquering misfortune and being presented to new considerations. Some portion of growing up is building your own character by picking which ways to follow. In Enugu, the main way Kambili and Jaja are permitted to follow is Papa. He works out calendars and seriously rebuffs them when they stray. When Kambili and Jaja visit their Aunty Ifeoma in Nsukka, they are amazed by what they find. Despite the fact that her house is little and without extravagances, there is love and regard. Her youngsters Amaka and Obiora are permitted to address authority and pick their own ways. Obiora, however he is three years more youthful than Jaja, is lucid and defensive. He has been started into Igbo culture by playing out a ritual of masculinity. Jaja was not permitted to take an interest and is embarrassed that he is lingering behind his cousin. In Nsukka, Jaja is urged to reevaluate his loyalties and settle on his own choices. Aunt Ifeoma urges Kambili to reevaluate her position on Papa-Nnukwu. As she has been instructed by Papa, her granddad is a rapscallion. Be that as it may, when she look through his face, she sees no indications of authenticity. In the wake of seeing his blamelessness custom, Kambili questions the total standard of her dad. Both Kambili and Jaja make significant strides towards adulthood by guaranteeing their singularity. Religion There is a difference between Father Benedict and Father Amadi. Cleric at Papa’s darling St. Agnes, Father Benedict is a white man from England who directs his masses as indicated by European custom. Dad holds fast to Father Benedict’s style, banishing each hint of his own Nigerian legacy. Father utilizes his confidence to legitimize manhandling his kids. Religion alone isn't at fault. Dad speaks to the influx of fundamentalism in Nigeria that undermines confidence. Father Amadi, then again, is an African cleric who mixes Catholicism with Igbo customs. He accepts that confidence is both less complex and more mind boggling than what Father Benedict lectures. Father Amadi is a cutting edge African man who is socially cognizant yet affected by the frontier history of his nation. He is anything but an ethical absolutist like Papa and his God. Religion, when used by somebody delicate, can be a positive power, for what it's worth in Kambili’s life. Dad Nnukwu is a conv entionalist. He follows the customs of his precursors and trusts in a pantheistic model of religion. Despite the fact that the two his child and girl changed over to Catholicism, Papa-Nnukwu clutched his underlying foundations. When Kambili witnesses his wake-up routine, she understands that their religions are not as various as they show up. Kambili’s confidence reaches out past the limits of one religion. She delights in the excellence of nature, her family, her supplication, and the Bible. At the point when she observes the supernatural occurrence at Aokpe, Kambili’s commitment is affirmed. Aunt Ifeoma concurs that God was available despite the fact that she didn't see the ghost. God is all around Kambili and her family, and can appear as a grin. The individualistic idea of confidence is investigated in Purple Hibiscus. Kambili tempers her dedication with a respect for her predecessors. Jaja and Amaka wind up dismissing their confidence since it is relentlessly connected to Papa and expansionism, separately. Expansionism Expansionism is a mind boggling theme in Nigeria. For Papa-Nnukwu, expansionism is a malicious power that subjugated the Igbo individuals and killed his customs. For Papa, expansionism is liable for his entrance to advanced education and beauty. For Father Amadi, it has brought about his confidence however he sees no explanation that the old and new ways can’t coincide. Father Amadi speaks to current Nigeria in the worldwide world. Daddy is a result of a colonialist instruction. He was educated by teachers and concentrated in English. The insight he reclaims to Nigeria is to a great extent educated by the individuals who have colonized his nation. He surrenders the conventions of his predecessors and decides to talk principally in British-complemented English in broad daylight. His enormous home is loaded up with western extravagances like satellite TV and music. Amaka accept that Kambili follows American pop stars while she tunes in to artists who grasp their African legacy. Be that as it may, the trappings of Papa’s achievement are empty. The kids are not permitted to stare at the TV. His home, modernized up to Western measures, is for appearances as it were. There is vacancy in his home similarly as his pronunciation is misrepresented before whites. Through the span of the novel, both Kambili and Jaja must grapple with the waiting eventual outcomes of expansionism in their own lives. The two of them change in accordance with life outside their father’s handle by grasping or tolerating customary ways. Nigerian Politics Both Kambili and the country are on the cusp of sensational changes. The political atmosphere of Nigeria and the inner show of the Achike family are entwined. After Nigeria announced autonomy from Britain in 1960, a pattern of savage overthrows and military autocracy prompted common war, which prompted another pattern of wicked turmoil. Indeed, even vote based system is thwarted by the wide-spread defilement in the administration. In Purple Hibiscus, there is an upset that comes full circle in military principle. Father and his paper, the Standard, are incredulous of the debasement that is introduced by a pioneer who isn't chosen by the individuals. Amusingly, Papa is a self-important tyrant in his own home. He is furious towards his youngsters when they stray from his picked way for them. In the wake of Ade Coker’s passing, Papa beats Kambili so seriously she is hospitalized in basic condition. Both in Nigeria and in the home, viciousness conceives brutality. Kambili and Jaja are avoided the turmoil from the outset. They witness fights, destructive barricades, and provocation from the wellbeing of their vehicle. In any case, when they show up in Nsukka, they are pushed into political discussion. Obiora says the college is a microcosm for Nigeria †administered by one man with all the force. Pay has been retained from the teachers and light and force are stopped habitually. Clinical laborers and specialists protest and food costs rise. There are gossipy tidbits that the sole chairman is misleading finances expected for the college. This is a corresponding whatever is going on in the nation on the loose. Kambili and Jaja now see firsthand the battle of their cousins. The individual gets political, and the other way around. Quietness A few characters are held with quiet all through the novel. Kambili endures the most, incapable to talk more than practiced sayings without faltering or hacking. Her quietness is a result of the maltreatment that she suffers on account of her dad. Kambili doesn't permit herself to come clean about her circumstance at home. At the point when her colleagues insult her for being a terrace upstart, she doesn't clarify that she doesn't associate out of dread. She isn't permitted to dither after school in case she be late and beaten. She at long last figures out how to express her real thoughts when she is insulted ceaselessly be her cousin Amaka. Aunt Ifeoma urges her to protect herself and at exactly that point can Amaka and Kambili start their companionship. Kambili starts to talk all the more unhesitatingly, chuckle and in any event, sing. The titles of the second and fourth segment are Speaking With Our Spirits and A Different Silence. Kambili and Jaja impart through their eyes, not ready to absolute the revolting truth of their circumstance. Mother, similar to her girl, can't talk openly in her own home. Just with Aunty Ifeoma would she be able to carry on legitimately. The quiet that falls upon Enugu after Papa is killed is, as the title recommends, unique. There is misery to this quiet like the one that existed when Papa was alive. Be that as it may, it is a legit quiet. Mom and Kambili know reality and there is nothing more that can be said. Jaja’s quietness sells out a hardness that has grabbed hold of him in jail. There is nothing he can say that will end the torment he encounters. The tapes that Aunty Ifeoma sends with her children’s voices are the main rest he has. Quietness is likewise utilized as discipline. When Kambili and Jaja show up in Nsukka for Easter, Jaja will not address his dad when he calls. After the long stretches of quietness that he has forced upon his kids, they use it as a weapon against him. The legislature additionally quiets Ade Coker by killing him after he prints a cursing story in the Standard. At the point when officers assault Aunty Ifeoma’s level, they are attempting to quiet her feelings for the revolting understudies through terrorizing. Quiet is a sort of viciousness. Aggressive behavior at home On a few events, Papa beats his significant other and kids. Each time, he is incited by an activity that he esteems unethical. At the point when Mama wouldn't like to visit with Father Benedict since she is sick, Papa beats her and she loses. When Kambili and Jaja share a home with a rapscallion, bubbling water is poured on their feet since they have strolled in transgression. For possessing an artistic creation of Papa-Nnukwu, Kambili is kicked until she is hospitalized. Daddy supports the savagery he incurs on his family, saying it is to their benefit. The beatings have rendered his youngsters quiet. Kambili and Jaja are both insightful past their years and furthermore not permitted to arrive at adulthood, as development regularly accompanies addressing authority. At the point when Ade Coker jokes that his kids are excessively peaceful, Papa doesn't chuckle. They have a dread of God. Truly, Kambili and Jaja fear th

The Software Development Lifecycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Software Development Lifecycle - Essay Example The organization built up different divisions including advertising and deals, fabricating, client administrations, innovative work, organization, and human asset, etc to deal with various tasks and items. The structure of the organization is entangled because of its worldwide activities and items expansion. Apple Inc has a lower level directors and center level troughs situated in various pieces of the world and managing various issues. This intricacy has presented significant difficulties in dispersing data across different bosses at various levels. Framework Analysis The utilization of data framework in associations like Apple empowers them to screen and get information from the environmental factors, catch information from business tasks, independent, control, choose and scatter data to the managers all the more every now and again as required for dynamic (Whitman and Mattord 2011, p.53). Accessibility of data to the chiefs of Apple Inc is crucial for compelling activities of the organization. Hence, data framework empowers Apple Company to build its skill by planning the exercises of the considerable number of laborers in different offices and in various areas to guarantee they seek after normal goals of the association (Mark 2006). Preparing data framework empowers Apple Company to accomplish its targets through normalized data. Approaches utilized by Apple Inc to obtain data from the workers The framework examiner should enquire from the representatives on challenges they face with the current framework in the association (Whitman and Mattord 2011, p.574). The workers will give subtleties of their experiences and give recommendations on what they need like to be changed in the present framework (Taylor 2004, p.38). So as to accomplish this, the investigator may use it is possible that one or a blend of approaches that will empower them to get that data from the workers and other framework clients (Barry and Lang 2009, pp.289). These methodologies incorpo rate meetings, polls or representatives journals. The examiner will enquire from the framework clients on what they believe is best in the present framework and require no change and what they believe isn't doing admirably true to form and need some change (Whitman and Mattord 2011, p.83). The examiner ought to likewise look at the information workers have with respect to the framework activity and the accessibility of aptitude either inside or remotely to offer the necessary information about the new framework after it has been created and embraced in the organization (Beynon 2009, p.14). During the meeting, the framework clients will be required to clarify how they obtained preparing and the name of the coach including whether they were inner or sourced from outside the association (Shelly and Vermaat 2009, p.141). During the meeting procedure, the investigator may utilize calls, video, online networking or up close and personal talking so as to arrive at various clients situated in different spots (Song 2011, p. 83). The utilization of meeting technique to gain data about the present framework in Apple association is very costly because of decent variety of the workers and size of the association (Whitman and Mattord 2011, p.92). Moreover, a few workers may not be available to give every one of their encounters or will be unable to review all the fundamental subtleties. Be that as it may, this can be

What the Alma Mater Means to Me

What the Alma Mater Means to Me The Alma Mater statue is arguably the most recognizable part of the Illinois campus. You can find the statue on the corner of Green and Wright Street in Champaign. It was designed by a University of Illinois graduate named Lorado Taft, who has a dorm named after him in the Ikenberry Commons. It was revealed on June 12, 1929. Source: Illinois.edu Its really a beautiful statue, and its shown as a benign and majestic woman in scholastic robes, who rises from her throne and advances a step with outstretched arms, a gesture of generously greeting her children, according to Taft. Next to the woman is Learning and Labor, which are huge values here at Illinois. The words written on the statue are where the meaning of the statue really resonates with me. It reads, To thy happy children of the future, those of the past send greetings. Its interesting to see how a statue can have so much meaning to so many people. To me, it serves as a physical welcoming to the campus. It is located near one of the main pathways to get into the Main Quad, which is another beautiful part of campus, especially during this time of year. This will be my last blog post because I graduate in about a week. Im happy to join the hundreds of thousands of alumni succeeding as educated Illini. I will be sure to get back to campus as much as I can. Im looking forward to becoming one of those lucky Illini from the past sending greetings to the happy children of the future. Daniel Class of 2018 I’m an Advertising major in the College of Media. I’m from a northwest suburb of Chicago called Buffalo Grove. I chose Illinois because it was the first university in the entire world to offer an Advertising major, which is pretty cool!

Definition and Examples of Figures of Thought

In rhetoric, a figure of thought is a  figurative expression that, for its effect, depends less on the choice or arrangement of words than on the meaning(s) conveyed. (In Latin, figura sententia.) Irony and metaphor, for example, are often regarded as figures of thought--or tropes. Over the centuries, many scholars and rhetoricians have attempted to draw clear distinctions between figures of thought and figures of speech, but the overlap is considerable and sometimes bewildering. Professor Jeanne Fahnestock describes figure of thought as a very misleading label. Observations - A figure of thought is an unexpected change in syntax or an arrangement of the ideas, as opposed to the words, within a sentence, which calls attention to itself. Antithesis is a figure of thought involving arrangement: You have heard that it was said You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy. But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you (Matt. 5:43-44); rhetorical question one involving syntax: But if the salt has lost its taste, how shall its saltiness be restored? (Matt:5:13). Another common figure of thought is apostrophe, in which the speaker suddenly makes a direct appeal to someone, as Jesus does in the eleventh verse of Matthew 5: Blessed are you when men revile you... A less common, but quite effective figure is climax, where the thought is emphasized or clarified and given an emotional twist as if by climbing a ladder (the term means ladder in Greek): We rejoice in our sufferings, knowing that suffering produces endurance, and endurance produces character, and character produces hope, and hope does not disappoint us (Rom. 5:3-4). (George A. Kennedy, New Testament Interpretation Through Rhetorical Criticism. The University of North Carolina Press, 1984) - Recognizing that all language is inherently figurative, classical rhetoricians regarded metaphors, similes, and other figurative devices as both figures of thought and figures of speech. (Michael H. Frost, Introduction to Classical Legal Rhetoric: A Lost Heritage. Ashgate, 2005) Figures of Thought, Speech, and Sound It is possible to distinguish figures of thought, figures of speech, and figures of sound. In Cassiuss line early in Shakespeares Julius Caesar--Rome, thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods--we see all three sorts of figure. The apostrophe Rome (Cassius is really talking to Brutus) is one of the rhetorical figures. The synecdoche blood (using one component of the organism conventionally to represent human quality in the abstract) is a trope. The pentameter, the iambic rhythm, and the emphatic repetition of certain sounds (b and l in particular) are figures of sound. (William Harmon and Hugh Holman, A Handbook to Literature, 10th ed. Pearson, 2006) Irony As a Figure of Thought Like Quintilian, Isidore of Seville defined irony as a figure of speech and as a figure of thought--with the figure of speech, or clearly substituted word, being the primary example. The figure of thought occurs when irony extends across a whole idea, and does not just involve the substitution of one word for its opposite. So, Tony Blair is a saint is a figure of speech or verbal irony if we really think that Blair is a devil; the word saint substitutes for its opposite. I must remember to invite you here more often would be a figure of thought, if I really meant to express my displeasure at your company. Here, the figure does not lie in the substitution of a word, but in the expression of an opposite sentiment or idea. (Claire Colebrook, Irony. Routledge, 2004) Figures of Diction and Figures of Thought To confer distinction (dignitas) on style is to render it ornate, embellishing it by variety. The divisions under Distinction are Figures of Diction and Figures of Thought. It is a figure of diction if the adornment is comprised in the fine polish of the language itself. A figure of thought derives a certain distinction from the idea, not from the words. (Rhetorica ad Herennium, IV.xiii.18, c. 90 BC) Martianus Capella on Figures of Thought and Figures of Speech The difference between a figure of thought and a figure of speech is that the figure of thought remains even if the order of the words is changed, whereas a figure of speech cannot remain if the word order is changed, although it can often happen that a figure of thought is in conjunction with a figure of speech, as when the figure of speech epanaphora is combined with irony, which is a figure of thought. (Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts: The Marriage of Philology and Mercury, ed. by William Harris Stahl with E.L. Burge. Columbia University Press, 1977) Figures of Thought and Pragmatics This category [figures of thought] is difficult to define, but we can begin to understand it from the perspective of pragmatics, the dimension of linguistic analysis concerned with what an utterance is supposed to accomplish for the speaker and with how it functions in a particular situation. Quintilian captures the pragmatic or situational nature of the figures of thought when he tries to distinguish them from the schemes, For the former [the figures of thought] lies in the conception, the latter [the schemes] in the expression of our thought. The two, however, are frequently combined . . .. (Jeanne Fahnestock, Aristotle and Theories of Figuration. Rereading Aristotles Rhetoric, ed. by Alan G. Gross and Arthur E. Walzer. Southern Illinois University Press, 2000) Further Reading Figurative LanguageFigures of SoundFigures, Tropes, and Other Rhetorical TermsMeaningParrhesiaTool Kit for Rhetorical AnalysisTop 20 Figures of SpeechTropes  and  Master Tropes

The Social Construction Of Gender - 957 Words

The society has regulations in which people have to obey making social life be structured. Society has expectations for people to live by. People tend to live up to the norms in order to feel part of the world. Individuals do not want to be judged and labeled, so unconsciously live by the roles that they believe their gender has to follow. Gender is socially constructed concept in which society acts upon. The family is the first to influence individuals to this idea. Gender has roles in which boys and girls are supposed to follow. Depending on one’s gender, they are expected to dress, behave, and act accordingly to either portray a masculine or feminine personality. These gender roles are implied by society and if individuals do not follow are seen as outcast. It is difficult for people to comply to these characteristics and roles because they might have different life experiences and situations that might influence to act other than their gender roles imply. The social construction of gender is composed of implicit and explicit rules that people are supposed to follow. In failing to live by these norms it leads to individuals to be labeled as dysfunctional. People unconsciously try to live by these rules because they want to be part of this social world and hope not to be identified as different. People learn these rules and expectation by interacting with one another. Individuals socializing get a better understanding of how one should act and behave. Scott ColtraneShow MoreRelatedGender And Social Construction Of Gender1230 Words   |  5 Pages‘Gender’ is a category used by all human beings to describe the state of being either male or female. Gender is often described as socially constructed which implies that it is something individuals may not be aware of. Through the social construction of a concept, meanings are created. These meanings and understandings are developed in coordination with other individuals rather th an within individuals themselves. Because all societies are different, the social construction and therefore definitionsRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender1220 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 3 In the reading â€Å"The social Construction of Gender† by Judith Lorber she describes how gender is socially constructed. Sex is the biological difference while gender is the social and cultural meanings attached to femininity and masculinity (lecture). From the time that a child is born the doctor assigns it a gender, girl or boy, depending on its genitalia. In the reading â€Å"Naming All the Parts† it focused on how when doctors view genitalia to decide the gender they say there is a penis orRead MoreSocial Construction of Gender1183 Words   |  5 Pagesexactly is â€Å"Gender† and what a â€Å"Social Construct† means. GENDER In a layman’s language, Gender is simply the distinction between male and female. However, if we look deeper in well, we will notice the gender construction starts with the association of sex category at the time of birth. Sex is the biological distinction between a man and a woman and gender is based on sex. A sex category becomes a gender status through naming, dress and the use of other gender marksRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender978 Words   |  4 PagesSociologist Peter Berger wrote in his â€Å"Invitation to Sociology† book that â€Å"social reality has layers of meaning, and the discovery of each new layer changes the perception of the whole.† (Berger 1963). Berger, as a sociologist responsible for helping create the social constructionism theory, is not just extending an invitation to sociology. He is already explaining how the world can be viewed by people who already are actively participating in society. This consciousness allows the layer of how peopleRead MoreGender Is A Social Construction?849 Words   |  4 Pages First, what is gender? What does it mean to say that gender is a social construction? Gender refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male. (Macionis 2015:308) The society in which we live produces our views of what women and men are and what they are supposed to b e. However, many people say that gender is â€Å"socially constructed†. Basically meaning it is constructed by society. For many decades, it has been what gender should representRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender1000 Words   |  4 Pagesas the definition of gender and gender norms. Judith Lorber wrote an essay called, The Social Construction of Gender. The essay was included in the textbook, Women s Lives. A textbook written by Gwyn Kirk and Margo Okinawa Rey. â€Å"Women’s Lives† is a Feminist focused compilation of essays. As well as, cultural analysis of women globally. Lorber is one of many authors who wrote essays regarding gender for â€Å"Women’s Lives. Lorber argues gender constantly changes due to social interaction. A societyRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesownership of their bodies. The first article is â€Å"The Social Construction of Gender† by Judith Lorber. In this essay she states that sex and gender is constructed through the society in which we live and that, â€Å"Gender is so pervasive that in our society we assume it is bred into our genes† (Lorber, 64). Lorber’s article takes the standpoint that physical gender expression is such an important topic to individuals because when the conventions of gender are shifted, â€Å"we feel socially dislocated† (65). AnRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender989 Words   |  4 PagesRace is a system of categories put in place by society in order to make each individual fit into a certain social group. It is due to societies implementation of such a system that individuals in these racial categories do not always look at each other as equals, causing a race to not always identify themselves as a homogenous front. This essay will delve into the poetry of a popular Def Jam spoken word artist Black Ice, whose piece Bigger Than Mine looks into the dualism within Black society inRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender832 Words   |  4 PagesSex, as we have learned, refers to the physical and anatomical differences between males and females. These differences are biological and unambiguous. Gender on the other hand, refers to the aspects that influence each sex and make them distinct from a social standpoint, and each of us does gender constantly. The social construction of gender has caused controversy throughout the years, and has ultimately conceived one of the most contended topics in our society of late: feminism. Feminism refersRead MoreGender Is A Social Construction1213 Words   |  5 PagesS One cannot talk about social interactions in society without talking about gender. Gender is part of According to Macionis (2015), gender is â€Å"the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male†. Most societies only view gender as being either male or female. An individual must portray their gender correctly in order to be normal in society. Meaning a woman must act feminine and a man must act masculine. However, what happens when an individual chooses

Exploring the aims of the Mercantile System Free Essays

string(44) " natural stuffs from different settlements\." Mercantilism is the chief economic system, which is used within the 16th to 18th centuries. Its chief end is to increase the wealth of the state through enforcing governmental ordinance refering all of the commercial involvements in the state. It was argued that national strength can be maximized through restricting the sum of imports via duties and raising the sum of exports. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring the aims of the Mercantile System or any similar topic only for you Order Now It discusses that the economic strength of every state is related chiefly to the fix of positive trade balance. It aims at the thought of doing every state usage export techniques more than import techniques as a manner to stay in an economic and political feasible place. So, positive trade balance upon the mercantilist thought concludes in a manner of utilizing gold in the pattern of state ‘s exchequer ( Mark Blaug ) . The Scots economic expert Adam Smith ( 1723-1790 ) was the adult male who was responsible for the term â€Å" mercantile system. † So, mercantile system was in a contrary side of Smith ‘s thoughts of free endeavor, free trade, and the free move of people and goods. One of the chief averments of mercantile system is the national wealth that will look through the accretion and import of gold or any other cherished metals, like Ag ( Paul Johnson ) . Bing an economic system, mercantile system leads to do foreign competition and disheartenment of direct foreign investing. This term supposesA that the wealth of any state will chiefly depend on the ownership of cherished metals as Ag and gold, but this system can non be achieved everlastingly, because the cosmopolitan economic system would be dead when all states wanted to do exports without imports. After aA really short clip, A a batch of people started to move against the mercantile system thought and stressed the really bad demand of free trade. The uninterrupted force per unit area consequence was found in the execution of â€Å" laissez faire economic sciences † in the nineteenth century ( Lars Magnusson ) . Mercantilism, being a historical period, had been associated with the addition of a peculiar construction of capitalist economy in Europe which referred to it to be merchant capitalist economy. It was a philosophy developed by different economic authors in this period that call for the powerful confederation among the monarchial system and merchandisers. Presents, the mercantile system term is used to see the protectionist trade policies when combined with other governmental policies, straight or indirectly in peculiar industries to get the regional or national trade advantage. Mercantilism has associated with the chauvinistic economic policies shunned by free trade and advocators that argue for minimal province intervention in the international and domestic market place ( Henry William Spiegel ) . The mercantile system stated different policies of chauvinistic trade thought to get the wealth of the state. It can be achieved via five basic elements of mercantile system, as indicated by David L. Sills: The first 1 is nationalism and policy start together with all possible policy directed towards the patriotism. The 2nd component is foreign trade that should ever be thought of in visible radiation of its effects on the province ‘s stock of having cherished metals. The 3rd one is missing domestic mines of gold or Ag ; the cherished metals should be collected by excess the exports over the imports. The forth component is governmental trade governments that should endeavor to restrict imports and give encouragement to exports. The last component is the economic and political foreign policy that should be coordinated in order for the accomplishment of these ends ( Mark Blaug ) . While most of them closely associated with eighteenth century in Europe, the mercantile system term has been used in order to mention to the aggrandisement ‘s general rule of province authorization for the economic benefit of the capitalist category through commanding and pull stringsing trade. For illustration, during the colonial times it took the form of military control on trade paths and big duties imposed on imported goods in general and manufactured merchandises in peculiar ( Lars Magnusson ) . The mercantilist patterns ‘ principle, upon the jussive moods of colonial conquering and imperium, had been reflected in the 18th century constructs of the net income ‘s beginning and the exchange nature. While being the end of for-profit entity, the mercantilists managed to use this sentiment to the whole state. This is in contrary to the belief of the political orientation of market place done by classical economic experts. This exchange should be done on the facet of equivalents. Furthermore, mercantilists believed that the marketer can derive via the loss of the purchaser. Therefore, the state will go richer when it sells or exports more than it buys or imports. Gold or any other money beginnings will be amassed to profit the province. The sentiment related to the excess or net income happened in the unequal exchange in trade goods was absolutely cope with the mercantilist policy in commanding the trade footings ( Paul Johnson ) . Mercantilism had played an of import function but non a dominant function in the passage period from feudal system to the industrial capitalist economy. However, mercantile system did profit greatly big merchandiser companies to transport place goods through trade paths maintained and protected by the state. Foreign trade was the necessary idea to be done for gold accretion because the domestic trade can non bring forth a net net income or excess. Fighting by this position of the net incomes ‘ beginning, merchandisers used exports as a necessary agencies of geting excess net incomes. The merchandisers, such as all better policy shapers, argued that utilizing this policy would profit in bend the whole province Henry William Spiegel ) . These policies in order to accomplish these ends affecting province subsidies of the export industries, high duty was used to promote place production in the prohibition on the gilded sale to aliens, the subsidisation of basic industries when necessary, the control over certain sorts of capital, and the relentless gold import and the natural stuffs from different settlements. You read "Exploring the aims of the Mercantile System" in category "Essay examples" The most of these policies contained rigorous control in trade paths and the monetary values stabilisation in province currency ( Steele G. R. ) . Throughout the mercantilist period, the merchandisers had controlled the trading system, but non the production of services and goods. Before the start of industrial capitalist economy, the production was on the line of trades system that embodied leftovers of the really old feudal agreement. In add-on, the industrial capitalist economy emerged the merchandiser ‘s power. They would come to see them taking over or being involved in the production means that would heighten their net incomes through giving them the control over the labour productiveness. However, the merchandisers can non command the production means, as the primary concern lies on merchandising and purchasing. The policies of mercantilists encouraged the imports of natural stuffs that in bend can be manufactured to do different merchandises. The finished goods can be sold and exported later in high monetary value in comparing with the original cost. So, it found its manner to the exchequer of the state ( Mark Bla ug ) . The foundation of the mercantile system started with the beginnings of the capitalist economy in sixteenth and 17th century in Europe. At this clip France, Spain, and some of the Low Countries as Holland and Belgium were transformed into economic systems in merchant-dominated. So, the modern provinces were emerging of being as a political complement in the merchandiser economic system. This system indicated that it was regulated by the competitory labour market. It led to the formation of a new category of people that found them being free from feudal system to the land to be merely forced to sell the labour to guarantee subsistence. The emerging was besides a category of fabrication and industrial enterprisers recruited from the worsening merchandiser category ( Lars Magnusson ) . The merchandiser category paved the manner of losing control over the new economic system to the forces of the capitalist competition when net incomes and monetary value were regulated through the accretion and production of capital. When trading was indispensable for the emerging of industrial capitalist system, the minutess were viewed as a sharing out in the sum of selling monetary value among the buyers and purchasers, including the merchandiser. The construct of mercantile thought, which trade led to the net incomes in the whole system, paved the manner to the sentiment of the classical economic expert that the production and reinvestment of net income was the existent beginning of the wealth of states ( Paul Johnson ) . When the general perceptual experience of the term of mercantile system being one of a really long epoch in the history of economic idea, the mercantilist writers were concern and professional people that wrote and made known of their ideas in a long clip before economic sciences came to be a separate academic subject. Many representative of the mercantilist Hagiographas were English and Gallic authors of the seventeenth century. These practical minds sought the protection, order, and stableness necessity for the enlargement of their activities. This in bend will profit the province. In exchange for the military protection of the trading paths, they succeeded in geting the monopolistic subsidisation from Crown when the state extends its stuff agencies for the colonisation. Wealth found to both the merchandiser elite and the province in signifier of gold and different natural stuffs to add its value, and so exported in signifier of the finished goods. Mercantilists saw production to b e really of import because it merely led to the excess of exports ( Mark Blaug ) . When the merchandiser category had been far from cohesive, the dissensions about policy in the merchandiser category were different to the purposes of a common end of spread outing the extent of trade excess. The mercantilists encouraged exports, except the machinery, works and equipment, which might assist foreign rivals. They discouraged imports, except in natural stuffs and cherished metals. The settlements, including the Americas, had served as a primary export market and the revenue enhancement gross beginning, military bases, and a beginning of Ag, gold, and natural stuffs. The strong naval forces and the military war machine were critical to the care and execution of these policies ( Lars Magnusson ) . As production became more of import, the capitalists realized that in commanding production, this would be possible to diminish costs, increase productiveness, and undercut the rivals by take downing monetary values. The line of thought led economic experts like Adam Smith to oppose the thought that gold constituted wealth. In the powerful review of mercantilists, Adam Smith had pointed out that money reflected the wealth produced while showing the value of goods and services that offered in the market place. Furthermore, struggles among merchandisers in trade monopolies and monetary values made struggle to all the hurt concerned. Many unfavorable judgments of mercantile system had culminated in a annihilating review that is known as the coinage flow mechanism. The Scots philosopher and political economic expert called David Hume ( 1711-1776 ) had pointed out that the really success of a state ‘s mercantilist policies will put in gesture forces, which would be given to change b y reversal trade excess, through the normal operation in markets. Leting in the money free flow, at this clip particularly gold, it was discussed that would be given to ensue in balance of trade equilibrium ( Lars Magnusson ) . While the specie-flow mechanism of Hume is the most known review of the mercantilist idea, his resistance to mercantilist thought started every bit early as the late seventeenth century. The chief thought was that the success of mercantilist policies will trip unintended effects. So, the positive trade balance refers to money positive cyberspace flow, because a batch of money is coming in instead than traveling out. This state of affairs would germinate where excessively much sums of money is trailing few goods, where the system is runing in full capacity, money is non hoarded but kept in circulation. The lone logical consequence is to raise monetary values. As opposed to the states mercantilist excess, money is fluxing out that consequence in the autumn of monetary values. The shortage states will go more competitory in clip. Trade will switch their thought ensuing in trade equilibrium. That philosophy will subsequently go known as the measure theory of money ( Mark Blaug ) . In visible radiation of historical influence, mercantilist policy expanded the lessening of the feudal economic system and the system of guild trades of production. The province policy and merchandiser system complemented each other. The chief aim was to bespeak growing of foreign trade while promoting the influx of the cherished metals and the natural stuffs to which the value could be added for exports. So, mercantile system served to rapid the passage of Europe from the land-based economic system to the pecuniary economic system. Though pure mercantile system is considered a dead economic issue, but traces of it remain ( Henry William Spiegel ) . Mercantilism, in the seventeenth and 18th centuries, many European states believed that the universe wealth was finite and limited. Whatever one of the states gained, the another one doomed. In order to guarantee their ain portion, those states issued an economic policy naming it mercantile system. Because England had followed mercantile system, this policy affected deeply the American settlements in the old ages that precede independency. The basis of mercantile system is that the state supply of Ag and gold reflected its wealth and its economic strength. In add-on, the gold enabled states to get military weaponries. The Countries worked in many ways to raise their Ag and gold shops, but the foreign trade became the basic avenue. When exporting more goods than imported, the mercantile states could demand the difference in gold which is the chief international currency of those times ( Lars Magnusson ) . The trading states such as England saw their settlements to be utile participants in the mercantile game. It looked to its settlements for acquiring natural stuffs that could be obtained at low cost. So, settlements became markets for the English exports. By mercantile system, England had forged the early failings and strengths of the immature American economic system. Get downing from the first of the Navigation Acts in 1660, the Torahs passed during the 17th and 18th centuries tightened England control of the American trade and economic system. For illustration, when necessitating the settlements to merchandise through the British Empire, England had limited any trade competition might be presented by its settlements. The Torahs against fabrication besides forced the settlements to import manufactured goods from the female parent state. The merchandises manufactured were routed within England, and transportation was merely limited to English or colonial bearers ( Steele, G. R. ) . Mercantilism is economic patriotism for the intent of constructing a wealthy and powerful province. Bing an economic system, mercantile system leads to do foreign competition and disheartenment of direct foreign investing. This term supposesA that the wealth of any state will chiefly depend on the ownership of cherished metals as Ag and gold, but this system can non be achieved everlastingly, because the cosmopolitan economic system would be dead when all states wanted to do exports without imports. After aA really short clip, A a batch of people started to move against the mercantile system thought and stressed the really bad demand of free trade. The uninterrupted force per unit area consequence was found in the execution of â€Å" laissez faire economic sciences † in theA nineteenth century ( Lars Magnusson ) . The most of import economic principle for mercantile system in the sixteenth century was the consolidation of the centres of regional power of the feudal epoch through big competitory nation-states. Other lending factors were in the constitution of settlements out of Europe, the growing of commercialism and industry in Europe relative to agriculture, and the addition in the comprehensiveness and volume of trade, and the addition in utilizing metallic pecuniary systems, peculiarly Ag and gold, comparative to barter minutess. Within the mercantilist period, the military struggle among provinces was both more extended and more frequent than at any clip in history. The naval forcess and ground forcess of the chief supporters were non impermanent forces raised to stipulate a specific menace or nonsubjective, but they were professional forces. The primary economic aim of the authorities was to command sufficient measure of the difficult currency to back up the armed forces that would disco urage onslaughts by other states and assist its ain territorial enlargement. The policies took so many signifiers. Governments may supply capital to new industries, exempt new industries from club regulations and revenue enhancements, set up monopolies over local and colonial markets, and grant rubrics and pensions to successful manufacturers. In trade policy the authorities assisted local industry by enforcing duties, quotas, and prohibitions on imports of goods that competed with local makers. Governments besides prohibited the export of tools and capital equipment and the out-migration of skilled labour that would let foreign states, and even the settlements of the place state, to vie in the production of manufactured goods. At the same clip, diplomats encouraged foreign makers to travel to the diplomats ‘ ain states ( Lars Magnusson ) . Transportation was peculiarly of import during the mercantile period. With the growing of settlements and the cargo of gold from the New World into Spain and Portugal, control of the oceans was considered vitally of import to national power. Because ships could be used for merchandiser or military intents, the authoritiess of the epoch developed strong merchandiser Mariness. In France Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the curate of finance under Louis Fourteen from 1661 to 1683, increased port responsibilities on foreign vass come ining Gallic ports and provided premiums to Gallic shipwrights ( Steele, G. R. ) . In England the Navigation Laws of 1650 and 1651 prohibited foreign vass from prosecuting in coastal trade in England and required that all goods imported from the continent of Europe be carried on either an English vas or a vas registered in the state of beginning of the goods. Finally, all trade between England and her settlements had to be carried in either English or colonial vass. The Staple Act of 1663 extended the Navigation Act by necessitating that all colonial exports to Europe be landed through an English port before being reexported to Europe. Navigation policies by France, England, and other powers were directed chiefly against the Dutch, who dominated commercial Marine activity in the sixteenth and 17th centuries ( Steele, G. R. ) . During the mercantilist epoch it was frequently suggested, if non really believed, that the chief benefit of foreign trade was the importing of gold and Ag. Harmonizing to this position the benefits to one state were matched by costs to the other states that exported gold and Ag, and there were no net additions from trade. For states about invariably on the brink of war, run outing one another of valuable Ag and gold was thought to be about every bit desirable as the direct benefits of trade ( Geoffrey Parker ) . Adam Smith refuted the thought that the wealth of a state is measured by the size of the exchequer in his celebrated treatise, The Wealth of Countries, a book justly considered to be the foundation of modern economic theory. Smith made a figure of of import unfavorable judgments of mercantilist made a figure of of import unfavorable judgments of mercantilist philosophy. First, he demonstrated that trade, when freely initiated, benefits both parties. In modern slang it is a positive-sum game. Second, he argued that specialisation in production allows for economic systems of graduated table, which improves efficiency and growing. Finally, Smith argued that the conniving relationship between authorities and industry was harmful to the general population. While the mercantilist policies were designed to profit the authorities and the commercial category, the philosophies of laissez-faire, or free markets, which originated with Smith, taken economic public assistance in a far wider sense of embracing the full population ( Lars Magnusson ) . While The Wealth of Nations is by and large considered to tag the terminal of the mercantilist epoch, the individualistic philosophies of free-market economic sciences besides reflect a general disillusion with the imperialist policies of state provinces. The Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the Revolutionary War in the United States heralded the terminal of the period of military confrontation in Europe and the mercantilist policies that supported it. Despite these policies and the wars that they are associated with, the mercantilist period was one of by and large rapid growing, peculiarly in England. This is partially because the authoritiess were non really effectual in implementing the policies that they espoused. While the authorities could forbid imports, for illustration, it lacked the resources to halt the smuggling that the prohibition would make. In add-on, the assortment of new merchandises that were created during the industrial revolution made it hard to implement the industrial policies that were associated with mercantilist philosophy. By 1860 England had removed the last traces of the mercantile epoch. Industrial ordinances, monopolies, and duties were abolished, and out-migration and machinery exports were freed. In big portion because of her free trade policies, England became the dominant economic power in Europe. England ‘s success as a fabrication and fiscal power, coupled with the United States as an eme rging agricultural human dynamo, led to the recommencement of protectionist force per unit areas in Europe and the weaponries race between Germany, France, and England, which finally resulted in World War I ( Geoffrey Parker ) . Protectionism remained of import in the interwar period. World War I had destroyed the international pecuniary system based upon the gilded criterion. After the war use of the exchange rate was added to the authorities ‘s list of trade arms. A state could at the same time take down the international monetary values of its exports and increase the local currency monetary value of its imports by devaluating its currency against the currencies of its trading spouses. This â€Å" competitory devaluation † was practiced by many states during the Great Depression of the mid-thirtiess and led to a crisp decrease in universe trade ( Steele, G. R. ) . A figure of factors led to the reemergence of mercantilist policies after World War II. The Great Depression created uncertainties about the efficaciousness and stableness of free-market economic systems, and an emerging organic structure of economic idea runing from Keynesian countercyclical policies to Marxist centrally planned systems created a new function for authoritiess in the control of economic personal businesss. In add-on, the wartime partnership between authorities and industry in the United States created a relationship-the military-industrial composite, in Eisenhower ‘s words-that besides encouraged activist authorities policies. In Europe the deficit of dollars after the war induced authoritiess to curtail imports and negotiate bilateral trading understandings to conserve on scarce foreign exchange resources. These policies badly restricted the volume of intra-Europe trade and impeded the recovery procedure in Europe in the immediate postwar period ( Geoffrey Par ker ) . The economic strength of the United States, nevertheless, provided the stableness that permitted the universe to emerge out of the postwar pandemonium into a new epoch of prosperity and growing. The Marshall Plan provided American resources that overcame the most acute dollar deficits. The Bretton Woods understanding established a new system of comparatively stable exchange rates that encouraged the free flow of goods and capital. Finally, the sign language of GATT ( General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ) in 1947 marked the official acknowledgment of the demand to set up an international order of many-sided free trade ( Lars Magnusson ) . The mercantilist epoch has passed. Modern economic experts accept Adam Smith ‘s penetration that free trade leads to international specialisation of labour and, normally, to greater economic wellbeing for all states. But some mercantilist policies continue to be. Indeed, the rush of protectionist sentiment that began with the oil crisis in the midseventies and expanded with the planetary recession of the early 1880ss has led some economic experts to label the modern pro-export, anti-import attitude as â€Å" neomercantilism. † ( Steele, G. R. ) Although several unit of ammunitions of many-sided trade dialogues have succeeded in cut downing duties on most industrial goods to less than 5 per centum, trade in agricultural goods remains to a great extent protected though duties or subsidies in Europe, Japan, and the United States. States have besides responded to GATT by raising different nontariff barriers to merchandise. The Long Term Arrangement on Cotton Textiles ( 1962 ) was the first major going from the cardinal GATT regulation of nondiscrimination. Discriminatory nontariff barriers are typically used by industrialised states to protect mature industries from competition from Japan and freshly industrialised states like Brazil, Korea, and Taiwan. These nontariff barriers include voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing agreements, wellness and safety codifications, and licensing demands. And the U.S. Jones Act, which prohibits cargo of goods between U.S. ports on foreign ships, is the modern opposite number of Engl and ‘s Navigation Laws ( Lars Magnusson ) . Modern mercantilist patterns arise from the same beginning as the mercantilist policies in the sixteenth to the 18th century. Group with political power usage that power to procure authorities intercession to protect their involvements, while claiming to seek benefits for the state as a whole. Of the false renters of mercantile system that remain today, the most baneful is the thought that imports cut down domestic employment. This statement is most frequently made by American car makers in their claim for protection against Nipponese imports. But the gross that the exporter receives must be finally spent on American exports, either instantly or later when American investings are liquidated. Another mercantilist position that persists today is that a current history shortage is bad. When a state runs a current history shortage, it is borrowing capital from the remainder of the universe in order to buy more goods and services than it sells. But this policy promotes economic wealth if the return on the capital borrowed exceeds the cost of borrowing. Many developing states with high internal returns on capital have run current history shortages for highly long periods, while basking rapid growing and solvency ( Geoffrey Parker ) . How to cite Exploring the aims of the Mercantile System, Essay examples

The Rain free essay sample

The sky darkens as tiny drops of clear water dampen my surroundings. Cars drive by, as usual, except now leaving a trail of precipitation. I raise my head to the sky and absorb all that drops upon me. The rain falls so gracefully onto my face. For the first time in a while, I feel happy. Rain increases from a peaceful sprinkle to a torrential down pour. As it soaks every inch of my body, I am positive there is nowhere I would rather be than right here, sitting on my front porch, staring at the speeding cars, contemplating an unidentified insect sitting next to me, and absorbing the rains extreme power. Why do I love the rain? To be completely honest, I really dont know. It could be because I was born on a rainy day, but Im pretty sure thats not it, because according to my mom, there wasnt a single cloud in the sky. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its also not because I love water even though that would be a logical explanation. I hated swimming as a matter of fact. I was always afraid a whale would jump out of the deep end. Yes, a little too much Free Willy for me as a kid. I didnt even like swimming in the ocean, not because I was afraid of whales though. It makes much more sense to be afraid of whales in a swimming pool than in their natural habitat. I was afraid of the ocean because I thought I would be consumed by the waves. Strange how I love to be surrounded by tiny morsels of perfection, but I cant stand the thought of being thrown into the water of no return and, let me not forget to mention, whales. The rain increases again. My paper absorbs the moisture as the ink smears. I think the true reason why I love the rain is because, in it, I feel complete. I feel like I have a purpose in this chaotic world. Rain, in my opinion, is not merely rain. Each drop stands for something worthwhile. Motivation, peace, hope, you name it. In it, I feel I could do anything. In it, I feel the world resolving all conflicts even for a split second. In it, I feel nothing bad could ever happen. In it, I feel like me. The dribbling ceases to exist as puddles begin to evaporate. A rainbow encircles the world once filled with drowsiness. Life, as I know it, resumes. The Rain free essay sample It is strange to think that a grown, sixteen-year-old girl still likes to play in the rain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I, however, have always been compelled to run outside just as the downpour begins. There is something special about drenching rains that I find fascinating. I love the smell just before the storm arrives. I love the foreboding winds sweeping in the ominous clouds. I love the warm water soaking my hair, clothes and skin. I love to skip in the rapids which form along the sides of the street fighting to reach the drain. And I love the way I become hypnotized by the sound of the rain pelting against my skylights. Sometimes I find this love juvenile and other times I find it romantic. I often giggle and laugh at how crazy I am to be playing in such weather. But, I also close my eyes and relive scenes from old movies where people fall in love in the rain. So, all-in all the one emotion to describe my feelings during this time is giddy. Before resorting to frolicking, I close my eyes and let the warm summer rain seep into my being, my existence. I almost feel saturated with life when I do this. I dont think there is any other time when I feel more alive than when I am splashing around in the puddles. When I start getting chilly the magic is lost, and I know I must return to the dry, uneventful life of my house. However, more often than not, after returning inside I can be found letting the warm water of a shower soak into my being.

United Nations Essays (4494 words) - United Nations System

United Nations The United Nations is an organization of sovereign nations not a world government. It provides the machinery to help find solutions to disputes or problems, and to deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity.It does not legislate like a national parliament. But in the meeting rooms and corridors of the UN, representatives of almost all countries of the world large and small, rich and poor, with varying political views and social systems have a voice and vote in shaping the policies of the international community. The year 1995 marks the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Organization.The UN has six main organs, listed below. All are based at UN Headquarters in New York, except the International Court of Justice, which is located at The Hague, Netherlands.The General AssemblyThe General Assembly, sometimes called the nearest thing to a world parliament, is the main deliberative body. All Member States are represented in it, and each has one vote. Decisions on ordinary matters are t aken by simple majority. Important questions require a two-thirds majority.The Assembly holds its regular sessions from mid-September to mid-December; special or emergency sessions are held when necessary. Even when the Assembly is not in session, its work goes on in special committees and bodies.The Assembly has the right to discuss and make recommendations on all matters within the scope of the UN Charter. It has no power to compel action by any Government, but its recommendations carry the weight of world opinion. The Assembly also sets policies and determines programmes for the UN Secretariat. It sets goals and directs activities for development, approves the budget of peace-keeping operations and calls for world conferences on major issues. Occupying a central position in the UN, the Assembly receives reports from other organs, admits new Members, approves the budget and appoints the Secretary-General.The Security CouncilThe UN Charter, an international treaty, obligates States to settle their international disputes by peaceful means. They are to refrain from the threat or use of force against other States, and may bring any dispute before the Security Council. The Security Council is the organ to which the Charter gives primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security. It can be convened at any time, whenever peace is threatened. Member States are obligated to carry out its decisions. The Council has 15 members. Five of these China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States are permanent members. The other 10 are elected by the Assembly for two-year terms. Decisions require nine votes; except in votes on procedural questions, a decision cannot be taken if there is a negative vote by a permanent member (known as the veto).When a threat to international peace is brought before the Council, it usually first asks the parties to reach agreement by peaceful means. The Council may undertake mediation or set forth principl es for a settlement. It may request the Secretary-General to investigate and report on a situation. If fighting breaks out, the Council tries to secure a cease-fire. It may send peace-keeping missions to troubled areas, with the consent of the parties involved, to reduce tension and keep opposing forces apart. It may deploy peace-keepers to prevent the outbreak of conflict. It has the power to enforce its decisions by imposing economic sanctions and by ordering collective military action. The Council also makes recommendations to the Assembly on a candidate for Secretary-General and on the admission of new Members to the UN.The Economic and Social CouncilWorking under the authority of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council coordinates the economic and social work of the UN and related specialized agencies and institutions. The Council has 54 members. It usually holds two organizational and one substantive session each year; the substantive session includes a high-leve l special meeting, attended by Ministers and other high officials, to discuss major economic and social issues.The Council recommends and directs activities aimed, for instance, at promoting economic growth of developing countries, administering development projects, promoting the observance of human rights, ending discrimination against minorities, spreading the benefits of science and technology, and fostering world cooperation in areas such as better housing, family planning and crime prevention.The Trusteeship CouncilThe Trusteeship Council was established to ensure

Free Essays on Constitutional Law

Constitutional Law Bill of Rights in the constitutional law of American history is the term that usually signifies the first 10 amendments to the Constitution of the United States. These amendments, more precisely the first eight of them, specify certain basic freedoms and procedural safeguards of which the individual may not be deprived by governmental power. Taken together, these specified freedoms and protections are the core of American civil liberty and provide the constitutional basis for judicial protection of the rights of the individual. Of particular importance are the provisions of the 1st Amendment (freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition); the 4th Amendment (prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures); the 5th Amendment (prohibitions against double jeopardy and self-incrimination; no taking of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; requirement of fair compensation when private property is taken for public use); the 6th Amendment (procedural safegu ards in criminal prosecutions); and the 8th Amendment (prohibitions against excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments)( Gerald Gunther ,1976). According to three strikes law If a person commits any felony after March 7, 1994 and If the person has one previous "violent" or "serious" felony conviction (which includes burglary of an unoccupied dwelling), he or she is sentenced to twice the term prescribed by law for each new felony (and must serve at least 80% of the sentence). If the person has two previous violent or serious felony convictions, he or she is sentenced to a life sentence with the possibility of parole. The minimum term of the life sentence is calculated as the greater of the following: a. Three times the term otherwise provided b. 25 years c. The term determined by the court pursuant to other applicable sentencing provisions of existing law. The definitions for â€Å"violent† and â€Å"serious† felonies differ ... Free Essays on Constitutional Law Free Essays on Constitutional Law Constitutional Law Bill of Rights in the constitutional law of American history is the term that usually signifies the first 10 amendments to the Constitution of the United States. These amendments, more precisely the first eight of them, specify certain basic freedoms and procedural safeguards of which the individual may not be deprived by governmental power. Taken together, these specified freedoms and protections are the core of American civil liberty and provide the constitutional basis for judicial protection of the rights of the individual. Of particular importance are the provisions of the 1st Amendment (freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition); the 4th Amendment (prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures); the 5th Amendment (prohibitions against double jeopardy and self-incrimination; no taking of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; requirement of fair compensation when private property is taken for public use); the 6th Amendment (procedural safegu ards in criminal prosecutions); and the 8th Amendment (prohibitions against excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments)( Gerald Gunther ,1976). According to three strikes law If a person commits any felony after March 7, 1994 and If the person has one previous "violent" or "serious" felony conviction (which includes burglary of an unoccupied dwelling), he or she is sentenced to twice the term prescribed by law for each new felony (and must serve at least 80% of the sentence). If the person has two previous violent or serious felony convictions, he or she is sentenced to a life sentence with the possibility of parole. The minimum term of the life sentence is calculated as the greater of the following: a. Three times the term otherwise provided b. 25 years c. The term determined by the court pursuant to other applicable sentencing provisions of existing law. The definitions for â€Å"violent† and â€Å"serious† felonies differ ...

The view on 'a management revolution' presented by Gary Hamel Essay

The view on 'a management revolution' presented by Gary Hamel - Essay Example Proper management is essential if organizations are to run effortlessly and achieve their purposes. It is through management that humankind has grown tremendously over the years. However, the tools of management on which this model is built have been in use since the 19th century, with a few changes if any While organizations remain stagnated on this old management model, the business environment, and the entire world, has fully revolutionized (Chizema & Kim, 109, 2010). Since the business environment continues to change, managing continuity should be imperative to all organizations to develop a connection between the realities of past, present, and future (Kolb, 183, 2003). With markets opening beyond national borders, and business processes becoming faster and more flexible, business organizations have been forced to adapt to a model more suitable for the 21st century (Burgelman & Grove, 965, 2007). However, Gary Hamel (2009) calls for an entire revolutionary change of the current management model. In his article entitled ‘Moon shots for management’, he says, â€Å"The evolution of management has traced a classic S-curve,† and goes on to argue that a new management model must be invented for the new age. New challenges The current management model is vertically structured with precisely defined roles for every level and is guided by set rules and procedures (Pye & Pettigrew, 153, 2005). In the current business environment, effective change is achieved when a firm has an organized pattern of decisions that guide deployment of resources in response to environmental changes (strategy) and a mechanism that turns this strategy into output (organization) (Nadler &Tushman, 204, 1989). Overcoming challenges entail changing the entire organizational culture by setting new goals, visions, missions, values, and strategies (Sisaye, 176, 2000).Even though culture is complicated, differentiated and difficult to control, it should be manipulated to encom pass a deep level of unconscious basic assumptions manifested in shared values, beliefs, behaviors, and creations (Harris and Ogbonna, 32, 2002). In order to overcome these challenges, Hamel postulates that business executives â€Å"must face the fact that â€Å"tomorrow’s business imperatives lay outside the performance envelope of today’s bureaucracy-infused management practices.† . Little is known about the strategy making processes at the top level of companies (Dewally & Peck, 38, 2010). A broader insight into the leadership structure of a company is needed as part of a broader attempt to remodel management (Pye & Pettigrew, 28, 2005). In organizations, governance and decision-making is dependent on bargaining between the board of directors and CEO. This is characterized by covert and overt use of power and influence (Daily, Dalton & Canella 2003). This drive should be towards an open, inclusive, and democratic organizational form (Mintzberg, 43, 1994). Th e top management executives should adopt an inclusive management style (Liedtka, 120, 1998). The Moon Shots In May 2008, Gary outlined 25 critical points that he felt should be adopted by business organizations as a way of reinventing management to better suit the present. Hamel was keen to point out that these moon shots were not exhaustive. From the moon shots, companies first have to redefine their goals. Clear redefinition of goals must encompass building human capital and engendering employee engagement (Davenport & Larding, 259, 2010). With the current management set up, companies are encouraged to adopt management practices that are socially beneficial. Today’s corporate governance structures promote the interests of some groups while oppresses others. In many cases, the senior executives and the shareholders benefit while employees and the local communities suffer (Zerbe, Hartel & Ashkanasy, 149, 2008). This is due to existence of a large gap between leadership and ch ange management. These leaders have a high charismatic

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Final Exam - Essay Example Most nation states tend to set specific priorities when developing strategies that will be applied nationwide. However, differences seem to exist between independent and non-independent nation states as of the priorities used by each one when developing strategies that will be used in managing national resources and industries. For example, independent nation states tend to emphasize to the development of the country’s industries so that the dependency on foreign suppliers to be decreased’ (Kitching 10). Also, an independent nation state is expected to invest high amounts on the continuous update of its military industries, so that emergent military needs of the state can be covered, if required (Kitching 10). A non-independent nation state is expected to follow a different strategy; the government of such nation state would primarily consider the interests of those who control the nation’s industries, which are usually those who hold the control of the local mar ket (Kitching 10). In certain cases, it is possible for a nation state to be depended not on entrepreneurs or firms but on other states (Kitching 2010). This is the case of a nation state that has a critical value in terms of its national resources or for a nation state that has critical geo-political position, being able to influence the development of the economy of neighboring countries. ... The above view is based on the study of Kitching where the following example is provided: a research has been made as to whether the improvement of the economy of a state is possible simply by emphasizing on agriculture. It has been proved that such target can be achieved, even if agriculture is the only sector available for the support of the economy (Kitching). The above findings have been related to the efforts of a nation state to improve the performance of its economy without having other sectors to employ apart from agriculture. On the other hand, in countries where the independency of a nation state cannot be secured, the use of non-governmental or international organizations seems to be the best solution for addressing emergent nation needs, such as underdevelopment, terrorism and civil wards. The specific view could be based on the example provided through the study of Akinyeye. In the particular study reference is made to the challenges that Nigerian government has to face in regard to underdevelopment. Moreover, the measures taken by the government for controlling the expansion of the above problem have been proved inadequate. A governmental organization, the Regional Economic Commissions (REC), has been established for helping the country to face underdevelopment (Akinyeye 221). The Commission’s branches across the country have been proved particular valuable in confronting underdevelopment (Akinyeye 221). Still, the following problem has appeared: the communication between the Commission’s branches is poor; in this context, a series of processes is duplicated (Akinyeye 221). A non-governmental organization, the Africa Economic Community, with branches across Africa, has been introduced for helping Nigeria and other

Performance of Equipment Maintenance Services in Healthcare

Performance of Equipment Maintenance Services in Healthcare Performance Monitoring in Equipment Maintenance Services checklist Title Abstract Method: Introduction Choosing And Using Key Performance Indicators Benchmarking In Clinical Engineering Audit Summary Discussion And Conclusion Abstract The objective of this literature review is to deliver results to the key performance indicators in monitoring the performance of equipment maintenance services. Method: Medical equipment management, health source and Medline were used and the search was conducted using different keywords such as key performance indicators, equipment maintenance services and performance monitoring equipment maintenance services. Introduction The medical equipment management approach defines the strategies for oversight and interaction of the medical equipment’s used in treatment, diagnosis and treatment of patients. All the related procedures and policies govern event from selection to acquisition, incoming inspection and the medical equipment management. The mission is ensuring that the medical equipment used in patient care is affordable, safe, accurate and available. The scope of this plan is clinical laboratories and different health systems. (McDermott 2009) Performance indicators should be chosen with care, if not individuals tend to respond by optimizing what is being estimated and hence lose focus of the quality. There are two important questions that should be asked concerning any performance indicator. First, can the performance indicator in question lead to perverse incentives and does it have the required potential to induce the desirable changes. Key performance indicators help a company measure progress towards their set objectives. (Kyan et al. 2004) Additionally, key performance indicators help an organization present of service delivery to come up with the course of action. Different key performance indicators differ depending with the exact nature of service delivery and the company’s approach. Choosing And Using Key Performance Indicators The right indicators vary depending on the reason why the management is choosing them. All key performance indicators contain numerous hidden assumptions. For instance, the company can quote is a known guaranteed downtime percentage with the inclusion of the time when the equipment will not be required. However, at times statistical measures can be very hard to interpret, while clinical users do not consider the actual time of action. (Willson et al.2008) On the other hand process indicators appear to change more often than those that have been made to support specific improvement, and monitor the key factors affecting to quality of output. Result measures are more bound to estimate the effectiveness of initiatives to boost the service. Reasons for the poor performance should be thoroughly investigated, for instance, a reduction of 15% in monthly number of the exact routine maintenance logged in by the workers could be caused by alternative external demands or slipping internal stand ards. The steps that need to be taken to improve the services include modifying procedures and services, modifying demand or delivering more services. If an indicator has been modified to make it more strong, then it will be very important to maintain comparison with the old for long enough, to find out whether the changes have had any positive impact. Process targets can be interpreted and set in regard to local circumstances, because the detailed practice commonly varies, on the other hand, outcome indicators are directly comparable between the services when similar definitions are used (McDermott et al. 2009) Cost measures are quite sensitive to what the service chosen omits and includes. Across a typical hospital, the annual maintenance cost per item included varies widely. Detailed research will give the right guidelines on where the reduction of cost will be more effective. At this point, a lifetime strategy to costing can greatly help avoid the situation where technicians spend endless hours repairing the same equipment because the clinical staff lucks the funds required replacing it. A great sense of perspective is required, for instance, so that the total amount of time required to find the right technician can be reduced, this will help theatres to avoid great loses associated with the breakdown of equipment. The clinical engineer will be responsible for balancing urgency and cost and justifying his/her actions to the clinical staff (Gruber et al. 2012) Key performance indicators are reported and monitored to the relevant safety committees in the hospital throughput the year to provide feedback to the efficiency of the medical equipment management plan, the following performance indicators can be quite helpful if well used in a clinic set up. Critical life support performance maintenance completion rate, with a 100% goal and a requirement rationale. Second, the overall performance maintenance completion rate, the goal is 90% and the best practice to report and monitor rationale. Third is the service requests caused by user errors or mishandling, with a 10% or less gal of all the service requests that had not been planned, in this regard, the exact number of chances may be synonymous without consideration of the overall volume of all the service requests received. Mishandling mistakes with the exact requirement will have to be evaluated to find out if the trends exist, with the overall ratio that has been tracked over time providing relevant information for risk reduction. Another performance indicator is the equipment failure rendering harm to staff or the parties, the goal is zero occurrences and the best practice to report and monitor rationale (Swan et al. 2004) The next performance indicator chosen is the hazardous investigations, the main reason for choosing this key indicator was getting the right information, the rationale of choosing the hazardous investigation KPI Is all SMDA recalls, reportable events and medical equipment accident investigations will be instantly reported to the relevant safety committees. The next performance indictor chosen was the performance improvement standards. First, clinical engineering is responsible for identifying performance improvement indicators, based on the priorities that have been identified by users of the medical equipment in question, the relevant department and the environment or safety care committee. The environment or safety committee has the sole responsibility of approving the thresholds and monitors on yearly basis. All performance maintenance indicators are reported after every three months to the safety committee. The information provided is then submitted to the governing body involved via the regular reporting channels. All the elements of performance indicators can be changed upon request based on the administrative input, the institutional experience and regulatory change (Willson et al. 2004) Benchmarking In Clinical Engineering Over the years, there has been a lot of benchmarking activity with the clinical engineering sector. Clinical staff and hospitals are continually finding that there are many issues that are pushing them towards benchmarking. In this sector, we shall look at different methods in which benchmarking in the hospitals in used and the most common measures that are available. These different measures fall into different categories depending with the service they are used to measure. The outlined derivation of benchmarking measures differ between different organizations, and checking into the differences is often vibrant than opting to do a direct comparison. This results into a debate when estimate the cost against other relevant performance measures. In addition, they help guide in making evidence based decisions which integrate the quality with the worth of money. (Willson et al. 2004) In Canada, standards for evaluation and measurement of the best clinical engineering services were introduced back in 1998. To put everything in order, the Canadian biological and medical society created a review to boost the sharing of concepts. Another alternative option is making the use of external consultants to measure the service and advice on the utilization of performance indicators and quality systems to enhance it. Audit This is very important to getting and maintaining the highest quality standards. In its simplest terms, the audit compares the current and the intended practice and immediately reports on the difference. For instance, many follow a person through the maintenance process whilst looking out for any deviation from the right procedures, checking out the records and terms to ensure they have been completed successfully. This strategy is relevant to the internal audits and has the capacity of identifying whether the procedure is working as expected, unfortunately, it does not capture the power of exactly what the audit can achieve. (Willson et al. 2004) As a result, an auditor requires some level of incidence without carrying the responsibility of the area being audited single handedly, this is something that is very hard to achieve in small organizations. If this is done successfully, external audits may bring sufficient benefits mainly if the auditing was conducted by an experienced audi tor from another company. In simpler terms, a simple audit process visits are made up of: Preparation and planning: The auditor agrees to the extent of the audit in advance. Opening meeting where the auditor meets with the management representative to discuss the importance of the audit. Audit: Includes visits to several areas, interviews with the organizations staff and examination of the databases. Closing meeting: The audit meets the management to explain and share their audit findings and confirm the queries, indicating how the issues will be resolved. Audit report: The audit writes a conclusive report clearing outline recommendations for improvement. Once both parties agree to the report, it is signed and passed to the relevant bodies. Follow up: The auditor follows up checks out the corrective actions to see whether they have been completed. Organization auditing can be used to measure how technical and scientific procedures are being followed and whether they will give the right results. This perfect type of audit may be conducted by experienced professional bodies under registered national schemes. For instance, thorough checks between radiotherapy determinants for quality assurance schemes and dose delivery. Basically, it looks at the product, so that they can test a complete system that is where it differs to outline quality control. (Willson et al. 2004) Summary In this report, we have identified many reasons why a company should monitor its performance; we have also discussed the importance of integrating monitoring in a top-notch management system. We have vividly described the design of key performance indicators and looked at how they can be implemented in medical equipment management. (We have also outlined the pitfalls associated with developing and interpreting performance indicators and considered their utilization in practice. We have also reviewed how benchmarking can assist organizations enhance their performance. Finally, we have considered how audits should be strategized, what happens during the audit and how different groups of organizations can combine efforts and assist each other with benchmarking and mutual audit activities. (Grubel et al.2008) Discussion And Conclusion One important thing to understand is the fact that key performance indicators are not performance targets. They are put in place as monitoring facilities with the idea of moving towards the direction of the successful implementation of the procedures, policies and process. Performance indicators are categorized into two distinct groups, namely, quantitate and qualitative. (McDermott et al. 2009)There are two things that must be identified in order to use KPIs effectively; these include the points in procedures or process through which the data is gathered to support the equipment monitoring. Secondly, the locations in service where the data gathered should be presented as important information for quality management. KPI’s are important because they enable facilities to have systems in place for better management of medical equipment and devices. A few of the reasons why key performance indicators are used include more complicated, enhanced technical preventative maintenance, regularly needs consistent quality assurance and specialized user training. (McDermott et al. 2009) References McDermott, R. (2009) Key Performance Indicators Medical Devices/ Equipment Management.’ A Case Studies Of Equipment Management. London: Routledge Willson, K., Tabakov, S., Ison, K., et al 2013, â€Å"Medical Equipment Management.† [Online] 1, (1) 274-280. Available from http://www.openbooke.com/ebook/medical-equipment-management.html> [accesed on 30th April 2015] Gruber, S (2012) Exploring Analytical Solutions For Healthcare Improvement [Online]. Healthcare Analytics, New York. Available at: http://healthcareanalytics.info/2012/02/is-it-a-metric-or-a-key-performance-indicator-kpi/#.VUJEvlFMK_I [Accessed on 30th April 2015]

Free Things They Carried Essays: Another World :: Things They Carried Essays

Another World Portrayed in The Things They Carried In several stories from The Things They Carried, Tim O'Brien deals with the way that American soldiers of the Vietnam War related to being "in country," or out of their own country and halfway across the world. O'Brien creates the concept that Vietnam and the war there is "another world" throughout the stories. None of the soldiers he writes about feel at home in Vietnam, and none of them successfully adapt emotionally to being so far from home. O'Brien subtly introduces the concept of "another world" in the title story of the book. In describing how easy it would be for a soldier to give in to the pressures of war and just collapse on the trail, thereby getting sent home or to a hospital, the narrator says that "the chopper... would... carry you off to the world [italics added]" (21-22). The careful reader will pick up on O'Brien's subtlety and realize that if the soldiers - for the narrator does speak for the soldiers as a collective - feel as if Vietnam is not in the world, then they must feel as if they are in "another world." This exact phrase is used later in the same story. When Lieutenant Cross is thinking about his girlfriend Martha, he chastizes himself for his useless fantasies. He thinks to himself that Vietnam is "not Mount Sebastian, it [is] another world" (24). Then in "How To Tell A True War Story," O'Brien reiteraties the concept. The soldiers of the story are hearing music coming from afar, and the narrator describes it as "all very civilized, except this isn't civilization. This is Nam" (74). This blunt statement captures the soldiers' feelings that they are in "another world." To them, Vietnam is a world without civilization; it is a world so different than the one they are accustomed to that they cannot function. O'Brien returns to the "another world" idea once more in "Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong." As the narrator is describing the loss of Mary Anne's feminitiy, O'Brien writes that "Cleveland Heights now seemed very far away" (98). Mary Anne has joined the world of Vietnam, the world of the war, and lost contact with the "real world." This is the same thing that happened to O'Brien's soldiers. Being in another world caused them to lose their ability to relate to their own world, and this manifested itself in veterans as soon as they came back from the war.

A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification Essay

A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification A Final Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Business In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Business Administration By Abstract of Thesis A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification By Problem In response to the raising awareness of damage to the environment, a series of standards for environmental management systems called The ISO 14000 was introduced in 1996. It provides guidelines on the ingredients that an environmental management should necessarily posses and also on the supporting technologies. These standards were not so specific as regards to how it should be done rather it more emphasizes on what should be done. ISO 14000 is an environmental management standards designed to guarantee products and services to cover the minimum environmental impact. The ISO 14000 series takes the international standards system to the field of environmental concerns. ISO 14001 focuses on the development and maintenance of an Environmental Management System, within the ISO 14000 series. The ISO 14000 series is of relatively recent origin, having been instituted in 1991. However, it has emerged as a significant force within a short time. The ISO 14000 series is relevant for the world of business, for governments and regulators, for organizations that work not-for-profit and for entities of all types and sizes, wherever they may be. Its universal nature makes it a unique and dominant system for all people who are concerned with pollution, waste and about the consumption of resources that are limited and which cannot be renewed. ISO 14000 promotes professional conduct. Training people and involving them in key processes lie at the heart of the ISO 14000 system. The rigors of certification serve to develop human resources. It can serve to motivate people at all levels of the hierarchy, and to foster team spirit. The ISO 14000 system is not limited to altruism and to noble intentions. It is worth hard cash. ISO 14001 puts great pressure to bear on achieving productivity improvements that translate to valuable cost savings. Major international corporations enjoy impressive profit growth through the ISO 14000 series. All ISO certifications carry the benefits of independent and international recognition. ISO extension in to the field of environmental concerns through the 14000 series brings desirable pressure on companies that produce hazardous substances and which generate enormous amounts of waste. Customers everywhere have the choice to insist on ISO 14000 certifications. Companies may find themselves excluded from significant market segments if they continue to ignore or to avoid ISO 14000. Some organizations may find themselves out of business if they do not secure ISO 14000 certification. Apple leads a galaxy of the world’s most respected enterprises in using ISO 14001 certification as a cornerstone of competitive strategy. Lithium ion battery technology is an example of innovation that a commitment to environmental conservation can present. Solutions inspired by ISO 14001 can have welcome economic benefits, apart from noble achievements in terms of environmental conservation. Reduction in energy consumption is an outstanding example, since power generation can be both expensive as well as polluting. ISO 14000 calls for abiding commitment on the part of all entities that seek certification. The system consumes major portions of employee time. ISO 14000 becomes a major element of cost, though it does produce handsome returns. The ISO 14000 series follows a highly structured implementation procedure. There is comprehensive documentation widely available that any organization can use to enter the system. Most organizations find it expedient to use consultants to guide them through the process. Independent auditors are inevitable. External auditors must be knowledgeable, experienced and accredited. ISO 14000 has important weaknesses. Loss of proprietary information is the most serious risk. Certified companies may find that their defenses have been compromised in the event of litigation. This arises from the documentation and management reviews that are integral to ISO 14000. ISO 14000 leaves organizations free to choose their own goals, priorities and standards. It therefore lends itself to potential abuse by organizations that may push important social concerns to the background, or to prevaricate about deleterious aspects of environmental degradation. Some organizations may not be able to fund the investments in time and money that ISO 14000 requires. The benefits may therefore evade small enterprises. ISO 14000 documentation needs can also duplicate documentation that other systems and some regulations require. Training and audit infrastructure is inadequate for widespread and global application of ISO 14000. Some organizations, especially in remote regions can find themselves excluded though they may wish to enlist. ISO 14000 confines itself to the environment. It does not consider issues of human wellness. There are many community concerns that ISO 14000 does not address. It is not a guarantee of ethical performance of an organization on all fronts. Business interests may be served best if companies were to use ISO 14000 for internal review, without going in for certification or even registration. It would then be an effective tool of risk management without opening the firm to unwelcome public scrutiny. As stated ISO 14000 can prove to be a significant undertaking that can task the resources of any size organization, if the task is undertaken correctly and managed well the benefits will outweigh the costs in many ways, from financial to organizational image. Method The Historical/Case study method is used in this thesis. The study consists of real life cases gathered from, various sources. These cases are evaluated for relevance as well as content. Cases used will be from varying sizes and types of organizations, public and private as well as local and international. Further research analysis by overview of the statistical research methods, selection of the sample and descriptive statistics is also used in this thesis as a corroborative evidence to substantiate the findings of this thesis. Conclusion This study has shown that ISO 14000 certification can tax the resources of organizations, but in the majority of cases the end result has proven that the benefits of certification exceed the costs. The study of the data presented has demonstrated that, for most organizations, not implementing ISO 14000 can be much more costly than implementation. Recently several universities, including the University of Michigan, suspended contracts with Coca Cola on campuses (Dump Coke at U of M, 2005). While several reasons are given for the suspension of contacts at the campuses including human rights violations, specifically mentioned is â€Å"Environmental Devastation† in India. Perception is key for business in today’s global economy, being able to prove environmental responsibility as stewardship on the organizations behalf can result in the loss or gain of business. Table of Contents Chapter No Headings Page No Chapter 1 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY AND INTRODUCTION 6 Statement of the Problem 7 Purpose of the Study 10 Scope of the Study 11 Rationale of the Study 12 Definition of Terms 12. Overview of the Study 17 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1 Introduction 21 2. 2 The Sustainability Imperative for Environmental Management 23 2. 3 Image Incentives for Environmental Management 25 2. 4 The Lines of Business 30 2. 5 Implemental aspects 31 2. 6 ISO 14000 and Global Trends 31 2. 7 ISO 14001 and Profits 34 2. 8 ISO 14001 and Seasonal Business 37 2. 9 ISO 14001 and Building Projects 39 2. 10 ISO 14001 and Equator Principles 40 2. 11 SME Experience with ISO 14001 41 2. 12 Summary of Benefits of Environmental Management Systems 44 2. 13 What is it? 46 2. 14 Environmental Labeling and ISO 14000 50 2. 15 ISO 14001 for International Corporations 53 2. 16 ISO 14001 in Mergers and Acquisitions 58 2. 17 Detailing Product Life Cycles 58 2. 18 Specific Benefits That Business Can Expect From ISO 63 2. 19 ISO 9000 AND ISO 14000 65 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Approach 66 Data Gathering Method 67 Data Base of Study 68 Validity of Data 68 Originality and Limitation of Data 69 Summary 70 Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC 71 4. 2 ELI LILLY 72 4. 3 Beyond Compliance by Baxter and Eli Lilly. 74 4. 3. 1 EPA ‘s 33 / 50 program 74. 4. 3. 2 Responsible Care Compliance 75 4. 3. 3 Green Products 75 4. 3. 4 Environment Audits 76 4. 4 An analysis of Environment compliance by Baxter and Lilly. 76 4. 5 Policy Dynamics 76 4. 6 Baxter International Inc and Environment Compliance 77 4. 6. 1 Baxter’s Environment Performance –At a glance. 78 4. 6. 2 Green House Gas Emission 80 4. 63 Reduction in Emissions in Carbon Di Oxide 81 4. 6. 4 Baxter Historical Performance as reported in 1997 81 4. 6. 5 Baxter’s Environment Program through year 2010 81 4. 6. 6 Baxter’s Cost Savings due to Environmental initiatives 82 4. 6. 7 Environment Performance Data of Baxter 83 4. 6. 8 Baxter’s Cost Reduction Data’s 84 4. 6. 9 The Toxic Release Inventory and the 33/50 Program by Baxter and Lilly. 85 4. 7 Baxter and Lilly ISO 14000 -Response 86 4. 8 Blue Scope Steel and ISO 14000 86 4. 9 ISO 14000 & Rockwell Automation, Twinsburg –Ohio 87 4. 10 Plasti Color -Ohio 88 4. 11 Xerox Corporation 88 4. 12 IBM 88 4. 13 Carter Holt Harvey Tissue –New Zealand 89 4. 14 3M Corporation 89 4. 15 Case studies of ISO 14001 Companies 91 4. 16 Coca-Cola 95 4. 17 Research Approach Methodological of Sample Collection 98 4. 18 Methods of Resources 98 4. 19 Description of dependent and Independent variables –Table -1 99 4. 20 Table 2- Entity Type 101 4. 21 Table 3 – Categories of NED 102 4. 22 Table 4-Multiple Regression results for test Of H1 through H 4. 103 Chapter 5 SUMMARY , RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONS 105 REFERENCES 118 List of Table and Charts Chapter No Headings Page No Chapter 4 4. 6. 1 Baxter’s Environment Performance –At a glance. 78 4. 6. 2 Green House Gas Emission 80 4. 63 Reduction in Emissions in Carbon Di Oxide 81 4. 6. 6 Baxter’s Cost Savings due to Environmental initiatives 82. 4. 6. 7 Environment Performance Data of Baxter 83 4. 6. 8 Baxter’s Cost Reduction Data’s 84 4. 15 Case studies of ISO 14001 Companies 91 4. 19 Description of dependent and Independent variables –Table -1 99 4. 20 Table 2- Entity Type 101 4. 21 Table 3 – Categories of NED 102 4. 22 Table 4-Multiple Regression results for test Of H1 through H 4. 103 A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Certification A Case Study Chapter 1 Importance of the study and Introduction Several industries are trying very hard to change their public image as environmentally â€Å"unfriendly†. The oil industry with its need to seek more sources, often in wilderness areas, chemical companies which have in the past legally dumped toxic waste, the timber industries and the automotive industry which continues to produce large gas guzzling SUV’s and trucks are all very sensitive to public perception. Perception is very powerful and a company does not want to be perceived as harmful to the environment or not environmentally friendly. Frequency of industrial accidents and media publicities such as the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) highlighted the environmental consequences of unfettered industrialization . Respecting the public concerns; the United States Congress has made several laws stipulating environmental standards and technologies for manufacturing companies. Only after Rio Summit in 1992, the policy makers seem to have acceded the fact that the governmental coercion alone will not bring any success and right incentives must be provided to the industries. In recent years, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has launched voluntary beyond –compliance programs such as Green Lights, Project XL and 33/50. The ISO 14000 certification system can be used as a tool to not just say that are concerned about the environment, but to show what you have been doing, are doing and will be doing to improve your performance. In doing so you should be able to add to your bottom line, both direct and indirect. As more and more of these companies will seek and obtain the ISO 14000 certification and they require suppliers to do so as well. This study seeks to contribute to the on-going debate within some sections of industry about the economics of ISO 14001. It is known that large corporations invest in registrations, often under duress from social activists. But is there money to be gained by following the system? Can there be purely business reasons for seeking ISO 14001 certification? Can smaller enterprises participate? These are some of the questions that this study seeks to answer. Statement of the Problem The problem; organizations have a need to show environmental stewardship but what is the cost of doing so and how so they justify the cost to management and/or shareholders. Today companies and organizations face many financial challenges and to survive in the global economy they must be fiscally responsible. There is also a need to be considered environmentally responsible and perceived as such. The ISO 14OOO series specifies beyond –compliance management systems . These standards have been sponsored by the International Organization for Standardization, a Geneva -based non governmental organization . ISO 14000 could be viewed as an industrial code of practice that needs to be certified by external auditors. Currently such certification costs about $ 20000 per facility. The cost has acted as a barrier for many financially weak corporations to have the ISO 14000 Certification for their facilities. Recently several universities, including the University of Michigan and New York University, suspended contracts with Coca Cola on campuses (Dump Coke at U of M, 2005). While several reasons are given for the suspension of contacts at the campuses including human rights violations, specifically mentioned is â€Å"Environmental Devastation† in India. Perception is key for business in today’s global economy, being able to prove environmental responsibility and stewardship on the organizations behalf can result in the loss or gain of business. Most companies still have a choice whether to obtain certification or not and the best illustration for this is Baxter International Inc and Eli Lilly , a U. S based multinational Companies , the details are discussed in the Research Analysis chapter in this thesis. However, more and more must obtain certification to maintain their status in the supply chains of other companies. To ensure suppliers are meeting environmental benchmarks, manufacturers such as General Motors Corp, Ford Motor Co, DaimlerChrysler, IBM, Xerox, Honda Corporation, Toyota are requiring suppliers to be ISO 14001 certified. Generating environmentally damaging emissions and waste is often an indication of an un-optimized production process, and manufacturers that implement ISO 14001 requirements can realize improvements in efficiency and profitability — and retain their positions in OEM supply chains†. (Susan Gilbert-Miller n. d). It is very likely that both public and private demand for environmental responsibility will continue to fuel the shift towards certification as proof of doing so. In the global economy today an ISO 14000 certification could become as important, to show a company’s environmental responsibility, as ISO or QS 9000 is to show a commitment to quality. It may become a prerequisite to doing business with some companies and in more industries as it has in the automotive industry. The direct cost of certification can range from a few thousand dollars for a small facility to hundreds of thousands for larger companies and millions for international companies. Presenting the business case for certification will be much easier if the benefits and cost reduction are included as part of the presentation. Purpose of the Study There are a number of excellent consulting services and other resources available at a cost, to help companies through the process of achieving certification. The key is the element of cost. In order to receive funds for consulting services or any other resources, you may have to justify your endeavor financially prior receiving any funding. Even if your company is capable of going through the process without any outside resources there are still direct and indirect costs associated with the process, prior to hiring a certification company to conduct an audit. You will have to buy materials, pull people in full time and part time, audit and update records. Training will be required for employees and management. The purpose is to show that the costs associated with obtaining and maintaining an ISO 14000 certification as part of an Environmental Management System, can be exceeded by the benefits of doing so. The benefits are not just monetary, but also how the company is viewed in the public eye as well, which is increasingly important in today’s global economy. Scope of the Study The majority of the top 100 companies in the United States have already achieved ISO 14000 certification. The same trend exists in the European Union. The research will look at what is driving the movement towards certification. It will also look at what is required to become certified and to maintain that certification. This will be done through case studies of companies that have already achieved certification, how it has affected their companies and in what ways. The main focus being that it makes good business sense, and the justification thereof. The study concentrates on the business and profit reasons for ISO 14000 registrations, with tertiary scans of ethical issues and applicability of not-for-profit organizations. The study includes brief descriptions of all phases of the ISO 14001 process, with outlines of the various sections of the manual that is an integral part of the process. Rationale of the Study While a lot companies have already achieved ISO 14000 certification many more have not. One of the biggest factors in failure to achieve or to get the company to attempt certification, especially in small and medium size companies, is that often the appointed SME (subject matter expert) has little knowledge as to what is required. It is a task that is added to their current â€Å"to do† list and they are not given the proper resources or time to conduct a thorough study as to what needs to be done, the resources it will require and what is most important in some cases, R. O. I. (Return On Investment). This study will help to explain what is required, where to look for information and through case studies show that a positive R. O. I. can be achieved through ISO 14000 certification and the maintenance of the certification. Definition of Terms Climate change: An alteration to measured quantities (e. g. precipitation, temperature, radiation, wind and cloudiness) within the climate system that departs significantly from previous average conditions and is seen to endure, bringing about corresponding changes to ecosystems and socio-economic activity. Associated with greenhouse gas emissions, of which fossil fuel combustion and forest decline are contributors. Code of Federal Regulations: United Stated Code of Regulations, commonly referred to as CFR is a publication established by and Act of Congress. It documents all regulations issued by federal administrative agencies that have â€Å"general applicability and legal effect. † Ecological or Environmental sustainability: This entails maintaining an ecosystem an adjacent ecosystem at the same or higher levels as the ecosystem in question to be able to maintain its productivity, adaptability and capacity for renewal. It requires that forest management respects, and builds on, natural processes. EMAS: Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, In Europe the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) was created and many European countries made implementation of EMAS mandatory for many large manufacturing facilities. EMAS and ISO 14001 are not very different; EMAS has two significant elements more than ISO 14001, namely a baseline environmental assessment and a public environmental performance report. Environmental Aspect: An element of an organization’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment, whether it be in a positive of negative manner. Environmental Impact: Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s activities, products or services. Gap Analysis: One of the initial steps in successful implementation of ISO 14000 is gap analysis. The gap analysis looks at a facility’s written programs, policies, and procedures to see how they compare to the requirements of ISO 14000. Once this analysis is complete a guideline will be established to bring them into compliance to prepare for certification Global Warming: The term Global Warming refers to the observation that the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface is warming, without any implications for the cause or magnitude. This warming is one of many kinds of climate change that the Earth has gone through in the past and will continue to go through in the future. ISO 14000: ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management standards developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for organizations. The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organizations that need to systematize and improve their environmental management efforts. The ISO 14000 standards are not designed to aid the enforcement of environmental laws and do not regulate the environmental activities of organizations. Adherence to these standards is voluntary. The ISO 14001 standard is the most important standard within the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14001 specifies the requirements of an environmental management system (EMS) for small to large organizations. An EMS is a systemic approach to handling environmental issues within an organization. The ISO 14001 standard is based on the Plan-Check-Do-Review-Improve cycle. The Plan cycle deals with the beginning stages of an organization becoming ISO 14001-compliant. The Check cycle deals with checking and correcting errors. The Do cycle is the implementation and operation of the ISO 14001 standard within an organization. The Review cycle is a review of the entire process by the organization’s top management. And the Improve cycle is a cycle that never ends as an organization continually finds ways to improve their EMS. The entire process can take several months to several years depending on the size of the organization. If an organization is already ISO 9000-certified, the implementation of ISO 14001 does not take as long. When an organization is compliant, they can either register with a third-party registrar or self-declare their compliance. The ISO 14001 standard is the only ISO 14000 standard that allows an organization to be registered. ISO 9000: ISO 9000 is a series of standards, developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that define, establish, and maintain an effective quality assurance system for manufacturing and service industries. The ISO 9000 standard is the most widely known and has perhaps had the most impact of the 13,000 standards published by the ISO. It serves many different industries and organizations as a guide to quality products, service, and management. Kyoto Protocol: It is a pact agreed on by governments at a United Nations Conference in Kyoto, Japan 1997 to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by developed countries by 5. 2 percent of 1990 levels during the five-year period 2008-2012. Eighty-four countries have signed the pact and 40 of have ratified it, according to U. N. data. Only one country, which has an emissions target, Romania, has ratified to date. LCA: Life-Cycle Assessment is a systematic approach used to manage the environmental impacts of products and service systems, and it is applied at several levels. It tracks the entire life cycle of a product from inception to disposal and looks for environmental impact throughout and how that can be reduced. Lean Manufacturing: Lean Manufacturing is an operational strategy oriented toward achieving the shortest possible cycle time by eliminating waste. It is derived from the Toyota Production System and its key thrust is to increase the value-added work by eliminating waste and reducing incidental work. The technique often decreases the time between a customer order and shipment, and it is designed to radically improve profitability, customer satisfaction, throughput time, and employee morale (Lean Manufacturing, n. d). Overview of the Study The study will consider the attributes of ISO 14000 as an Environmental Management System. In this paper the main focus will be to define the quantitative as well as qualitative benefits for employing an EMS, in our case ISO 14000. While ISO 14000 will be the primary focus, other EMS systems will also be discussed as alternatives and for relative comparisons. The procedures for and the costs of implementation will also be looked at as part of the study. In the process case studies will be studied and discussed through the use of Internet searches, relevant case studies and publications as well as personal experience and interviews with others in the field. This study will attempt to provide methods for justification of perusing certification. It will also try to give an overview of the process for obtaining certification from the planning stage, through implementation, certification as well as the follow up and continuous improvement required to maintain certification. The Ethical Rationale for Environmental Management Standards Concern for the environment is one of the hallmarks of social concerns during our times. Awareness has been growing since the last quarter of the 20th century. It has snowballed in to a major force. There are signs that countries and people will become increasingly demanding of all organizations with which to deal, in this respect. Though the first world is more influenced by concern for the environment, developing economies are also dragged in to the vortex of global opinion, as electronic media and desire for market access drive even poorer people to conform to conservation standards. Pollution, use of hazardous substances, non-degradable waste and consumption of limited natural resources are the four principal corners of environmental concerns. Pollution of air and water are most perceptible for lay people, but the effects of landfills can be equally devastating. Pesticides and organic solvents lead a series of chemicals with both acute and chronic effects. Mesothelioma is an example of a consequence of exposure to a hazardous substance, the fatal implications of which can surface after decades. Organochlorine pesticides persist in nature almost indefinitely. People at large have become very concerned about such residues and threats that surround them. Women and children are especially vulnerable. The awareness among the public regarding pollution and hazardous material is of high now-a-days. There was protest in India during January, 2006 against the French government’s decision to send a decommissioned battleship and military air craft carrier† Clemenceau â€Å"allegedly containing toxic wastes to a ship-breaking yard at Alang on the Coast of Gujarat ,in India. Green peace activists claimed the ship was loaded with hundreds of tones of toxic wastes, including 500 tones of asbestos alone and it was a violation of international Basel convention on trade of hazardous materials. Greenpeace activists claimed that â€Å"Clemenceau† is French property containing hazardous waste on ship and can not allowed to dump this hazardous waste in India . Yielding to the pressure , the French Government finally recalled its decision to scrap the ship in India . The concept of supply chains has spurred thoughts about life cycle analysis. Exhaustive labeling requirements have made people more generally aware that an innocuous finished product may involve the use of hazardous substances. Processed foods are common examples of convenience products that may contain harmful ingredients and sources of infection and contamination. This matter also leads to consideration of packaging materials that have been traditionally taken for granted. Consumers are now aware that products made from paper can involve the destruction of forest cover, while plastic has acquired a notorious image for its persistence. This applies to tin and other metals as well. Mercury and other heavy metals in batteries and electronic products are also causes of concern. Clean water has been in acute shortage in many parts of the third world for some time now, but even developed economies have begun to worry about large-scale use of this precious resource, Ground water contamination and depletion of the ozone layer are other matters that engage much popular attention. Large corporations that generate profits are prime targets for pressures to develop environmental management standards. Companies, whose operations transcend national boundaries, have to be especially careful of their environmental footprints. However, government, social service organizations and small business may all affect the environment in serious and indelible ways. Hence it is possible that environmental management programs may become increasingly universal with the passage of time. It may be concluded that there is a strong ethical foundation for environmental concerns. All organizations regardless of their size, nature and location, will be subject to pressures to monitor their environmental impacts, and to find ways of reducing or even eliminating all harmful implications of their transactions. The ethical rationale has a firm linkage with business reasons for ISO 14000 certifications, as there are societal trends that it soon become a pre-requisite for continuing to be in business. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature 2. 1 Introduction Business survival in today’s global economy is difficult at best. Today business’ look for advantage in every possible area and lean manufacturing programs like Six Sigma with its belts levels to parallel karate, Kaizen, 5S and many others have become not just popular but an integral part of maintaining and doing business. How does an Environmental Management System fit into the â€Å"Lean Culture† of business? That is the question that will be studied in this paper through the review of related literature, case studies, interviews, technical periodicals and Internet sources. An overview of lean manufacturing concepts will be given with the focus on integrating an E. M. S. into a companies existing lean program or as part of the implementation of a lean program. While other Environmental Management Systems will be referenced, I. S. O 14000 case studies and statistics will be used in this study. In the United States and the rest of the world I. S. O. 14000 is a recognized standard for Environmental Management Systems, much the same as ISO 9000 is for quality systems. The literature reviewed in this paper was selected for relevance to either a single topic, Lean Manufacturing, I. S. O. 14000 or the integration of the EMS into the lean manufacturing system and will be reviewed in that order. By the process of lean manufacturing, Toyota, the world greatest manufacturer, consistently makes the highest quality cars with the fewest defects of any competing manufacturer by using fewer man-hours, less on-hand inventory and half the floor space of its competitors.